Report of Jedox Software

Question: Compose a report on Jedox Software. Answer: Outline Jedox is a customer server programming which has been founded on making an appropriate business insight with the exhibition the board of the arrangements through the orderly information. There have been cell-arranged figures with the in-memory OLAP server which has been for the arranging, investigation and the detailing with the union of the information. This example is for utilizing the Microsoft Excel as it is appropriately ready to utilize the particular spreadsheets with the utilization of the basic programs. The arranging has been fundamentally done on the operational information with the emphasis on the downstream frameworks which covers the investigation structure alongside making assessments according to the multi easy to understand front finishes. There have been distinctive programming highlights which spread the business knowledge applications alongside the OLAP investigation just as different reports which incorporate the exhibition the executives and the interest arrangi ng. Prologue to Jedox, Jedox is a program which overcomes any barrier between the Business Intelligence and the corporate administration with the hold of the information mining forms through an appropriate examination of the genuine and the future information arranging and guaging. This has been smoothes out through the best possible plans and the educated choice for the business. Jedox can upgrade the capacity of the perceivability with the improved productivity which can totally change the information into the types of the significant data. This can hold the various degrees of the administration under the both key and the strategic administration. The Jedox has had the option to set up a legitimate structure with the attention on the various segments and the OLAP memory based database. There have been adjusted scorecards which are for the most part overseeing the monetary and the measurable stock information for merging the constant access with the quicker getting to of the information. The API are set f or the mix in the diverse programming condition. Portrayals of the key bits of knowledge Jedox has been the one which is significant for the arranging and the procedures of the activities. For this incorporates all the administration identified with the money, deals and the task the executives. The range depends on the car maker area through limited time the board and detailing at the cost level parts to the business insight. Considering the contextual analysis of the Demo Inc, there is a need to concentrate on the distinctive self-adjusting of the BI which are natural to hold the front end with the Excel include and the electronic spreadsheet entryways. These are significant for the new clients for rapidly running and composing the reports for responding to the information questions. The planning and arranging depends on holding the in-memory OLAP database where the Excel has had the option to compose back to the brought together database with the joined intensity of focal base applications. The displaying, where Jedox has been utilizing the instruments of the business necessities structure a KPI figurings through the arrangement of the specialty unit costs with holding the Activity Based Costing and the planning procedure. The incorporation of the information is for the most part representatives through the hold of the ETL for the perusing and the composition to the types of the database designs. There have been ERP, Salesforce and the Qlikview applications for the equivalent. The Jedox has been taking a shot at the assorted variety and the applications for the diverse use case designs for the organization of the planning to the undertaking class arrangements. This can deal with the diverse imminent of the clients with the hold of the versatility factors. With the evolving procedure, there have been intelligent beginning stages where the BI apparatuses doesn't totally take into consideration taking care of and composing back the usefulness. These are set in the provisions of the financial plans, conjectures, arranging just as the taking care of t he distinctive cost assortments procedures. Jedox has had the option to set and handle the means for the consolidation of the revelation the board with the representation for the most well BI sellers who do not have the perception of the recuperation of the various information highlights. The constrained information recuperation highlights depend on the joining with the outsider items with the space accessible. This can deal with the mastery as the particular structures just as the constrained alternatives for the internet preparing. We have been searching for the assortment of the clients who are bunch to program and actualize the results of the Jedox dependent on the incorporated arranging and the planning. There have been reenactment changes for the modularized structures with the unpredictable figuring subtleties. The OLAP has been set for the composition back just as the diverse business rules figurings with the idea driven displaying. For the brought together arrangement, ther e is a need to set up a legitimate arrangement and act towards the guaging of the bound together business knowledge subtleties with the serious edge the board. The Jedox depends on taking care of the information revelation alongside the composed back procedure with the catching and computation of the current information esteems. This is developed through the advancement set for the ROI. The solidification plan is for the most part set for the treatment of the lower information quality with the different source and the manual procedure investigation. There have been centrality dependent on the streamlined arranging and the solidifications with the detailing which center around the development structure and examination. Jedox has had the option to locate an appropriate relationship with the intelligent representation to appropriately find the bits of knowledge and the comprehension of the system behind all the scorecards. The Jedox can wipe out the Excel confusion just as change the reports for keeping the arrangement with the control of all the dynamic dashboards with the achievement outlines. There have been dynamic dashboards with the achievement graphs for the sharing and the joint effort of the information. Depiction of the Jedox functionalities utilized For the usage of the Jedox, there have been various information driven activities with the momentary arranging just as the vital arranging arrangement which are primarily to deal with the figures just as the situation arranging. The combination of the highlights depend on money the board just as the detailing of the review trails. There have been diverse multi-current administration frameworks with the budgetary detailing and handle exceed expectations based structures for the mechanized board and the examination highlights. Demo Inc. requirements to concentrate on taking care of the catching qualities from all the speculations dependent on the business investigation limit. For this, there is a requirement for a legitimate material which is predominantly set for the organization of the functionalities. The key qualities are essentially to hold the functionalities with the exceed expectations interface where the information is changed in the ongoing and the clients can undoubtedly change from the vew of the united information design. There have been diverse extra highlights of the model which are basically to deal with and make the financial plans for the recreation of the applications. The significant segments of the JEDOX are for the most part to deal with the institutive compose back with the smoothing out of the procedures which are chiefly for the catching and the estimation of the information. For this, there have been exceed expectations include for taking care of the correspondence with the front-end ability of the connecting of the distinctive number of the workspaces. The work customers can just chip away at the information centralization with the permitting of all the neighborhood reports to be totally changed over into the server based applications. These are mostly to b reak down the information of the organization with the intensity of processing and memory. The devices of the extraction load import the information consequently with the SAP interface. Jedox has been for the most part for dealing with the intensity of figuring with the OLAP counts for the quickening of the GPU segments just as the actuation by the server. There have been diverse extraction instruments which are for the treatment of the distinctive current social database frameworks like the Oracle, MySQL and different connections of the JDBC interface. The distinctive adhoc investigation and the gainful examination are predominantly for appropriate revealing structure with the programmed booking of the reports. The dashboard is set with the realistic benchmark apparatuses and the presentation estimations where the major strong highlights are the email telephone and different instructional exercises. For a superior exhibition, there have been execution dependent on the interest arranging just as the planning procedure. The business insight depends on the various forms where the significant spotlight has been on oneself assistance functionalities in arranging and holding the various abilities. The value separation for the merchandise and the administrations depends on fixing the expenses and the variable expenses and request bend. For this, there is a need to recognize the augmentation of the benefits which are set under the offered lower costs to the new clients. There have been search and the exchange of the cost proficiency with t he more prominent spotlight on the exchanging which apparently is all the more expensive for the clients. The value separation can improve the components identifying with the cost possession just as the exchanging costs which depend on the utilizing of the information mining methods with the upper hands. Suggestions to the CEO For the proper proposals, there is a requirement for the great lock-in esteem position with the emphasis on the modern business insight apparatuses. These are primarily for the fitting of the credits just as the market abuse. The CEO, ought to concentrate on the substances with the administrative experimentations of the various issues just as the elements which are significant purposes behind the treatment of the misfortune and the volumes of the client protests. There have been centrality of various weight from the partners and the other are

The Arts in Early Childhood

Question: Examine aboutthe Arts in Early Childhood. Answer Presentation The diagram of the investigation is to center about the substance of the three video. The substance of the principal video comprises of the of a gathering music in a school. The substance of the subsequent video comprises of a dramatization, in view of an angling interfacing with the family. The third video comprises of a craftsmanship, which points on Frida Kahlo motivated self-representations. The outline of the investigation plays out an inside and out examination of all the three substance of the video. The destinations of all the three video comprises about the realities and discoveries of expressions of the human experience in the adolescences. The general investigation basically broke down the real factors and discoveries in a compelling way. Crafts of Early Childhoods Certain inventive expressions are exercises which for the most part connect with childrens exercises to improve their creative mind through craftsmanship, move, sensational play and music. The idea of the general imaginative expressions depicts about the kids which in their particular spaces, which fundamentally includes there intellectual, language, social and enthusiastic (Van Hoorn et al. 2014). It is one of the most critical viewpoints for all the understudies to be a piece of certain educational plan exercises separated from their investigations. It builds the degree of focus, minds and ability to accomplish work. There are sure positive perspectives, towards clarifying this specific view, why expressions are required for the youngsters in their initial ages (Bredekamp, 2014). Be that as it may, with the assistance of these specific exercises various children will get certain perspectives on their interests on their exercises. Investigation of Video 1 (Conservatory Lab second Grade Music Video) About the Video The principal video will depict Conservatory Lab second grade music, performed by a gathering of elementary school kids. Lily your decent is the name of the melody. The coordination among the gatherings of childrens in the school was amazing. All the understudies were communicated their way towards sharing their insight. This specific gathering tune was devoted to a snake named lily. Music is an all inclusive language as it has no hindrances. More than some other dialects it figures out how to pass on enthusiastic obstructions. This is one of the fundamental reasons, which clarifies the perception. The snake which was committed in the melody is a white hued Corn snake. The corn snake is a North American types of rodent snake, which represses its little prey by narrowing. This specific species exits in the United States. It is found in the south eastern and the focal pieces of the nation. This specific tune was set up in the study hall itself, which depicts about the snake just as abo ut the study hall. The tune was played with the assistance of characteristic instruments, which was facilitated among the understudies itself. The melody portrays every single characteristics of the snake. The tune likewise address about the homeroom. The job of the educator towards devoting this specific tune was likewise amazing. It shows the interest of an educator in the study hall to rouse the understudies separated from the investigations. This at last builds the persuasive level among the understudies and contributes as one of the best effects in the investigations among the understudies. Be that as it may, the melody shows how critical character is Lily in the homeroom. Each understudy shows their adoration and love towards Lily. They delighted in there melody with Lily. Basic Analysis of the Study The target of this specific idea is to show the support of children in a music video. Specialties of youth, is one of the key exercises, which dominant parts of the children need to act in their youth exercises. The video tune chiefly centers towards a legitimate support of the considerable number of children in an appropriate on music. It appears about how the children are energized towards taking an interest in the melody. Various specialists found that association in various types of optional exercises gives various types of gainful perspectives for individuals (Schoen, 2013). A portion of the helpful parts of music are featured in the accompanying piece of the examination. Music is practiced of various medical advantages which mostly incorporates bringing down feeling of anxiety, raising conditions of awareness, evolving temperaments, getting to various perspectives and building up the mind in an utilization way, which has a huge amount of medical advantages (Schoen, 2013). The t ruth of the matter is there is certifiably not a solitary human culture on earth that has lived without music. Investigation of Video 2 (Fishing Connecting with the Family) About the Video The subsequent video is about a dream. The show was set up by a gathering of understudies alongside the instructor. The show demonstrates a great meeting among, where all the understudies making the most of their dream towards riding on a vessel. The gathering was riding on a pontoon with the understudies and with an educator on a stream. All the understudies were making the most of their excursion by experiencing certain encounters. Out of nowhere they saw a dolphin on their excursion. Then again, an understudy saw a shark while voyaging. Each individual both the understudies and the senior part were making the most of their excursion. In any case, out of nowhere one of the understudies saw a crocodile in the excursion on the stream. Everybody on the vessel were a lot of egger to rich their goal. Anyway a portion of the crocodile and evade were the two significant obstructions in their excursion. Angling was another goal for this specific gathering during their ride on the stream. B e that as it may, in the wake of finishing their excursion on angling, the gathering chose to move with a submarine underneath the water. The general action was performed inside the nursery of the premises. All the children and the senior part were getting a charge out of about their excursion with stacked undertakings. The most significant part about the show was the investment of a senior among the children. Basic Analysis of the Study The idea of imagination is solid method of creative mind. There are sure critical viewpoints towards building up a legitimate dream among the understudies, as it expands the perspective and focus power among the understudy. It is one of expressions of the human experience in the youth. A lion's share of the elementary schools in Australia attempts to build up certain additional educational plan exercises separated from their understudies to keep the understudies associated with such additional educational plan exercises (Bredekamp, 2014). This gives certain advantageous viewpoints among the understudies, which will permit improving their aptitudes and efficiencies. There are a few meanings of the word dream. It is significant for to rouse the child alongside their examinations, as it will permit them to build up an appropriate center point and lessen the impact the repetitive throughout everyday life (Elkins, 2015). Repetitive in life regularly leads towards certain negative impacts. Contribution in specific exercises permits people to diminish tedious throughout everyday life. This specific idea is same for both the children just as for a developed individual. It permits getting a legitimate alleviation from various types of worry throughout everyday life and gives certain valuable perspectives both to the older folks just as for the children in their day by day life. Examination of Video 3 (Frida Kahlo Inspired Self-Portraits) About the Video Self Portrait, is the idea of the third video. Here a gathering of understudy is included towards setting self up representations. All the children were making the most of their organizations with one another in the tormenting meetings. The video proposes it is significant for all the understudies to build up a gathering movement which will center towards the improvement of their exhibition by sharing various perspectives on specific exercises. In the start of the video all the children gave a short portrayal about the Mexico and about Frida Kahlo. All the children were performing admirably with the perspective on building up a decent self picture in the investment. This specific video was created by the Fridge Door workmanship programs for kids and youth in Toronto. The most significant part in this video is all the understudies were making the most of their organizations with one another towards setting up a self picture. The most critical part is with the assistance of a specific mirror, all the children were partaking, which gives a legitimate methodology in their view focuses. Each child in the drawing meeting shared their perspectives on self picture and the most significant part is everybody in the painting meeting was getting a charge out of with their work. The authority with the perspective on improving the creative mind of the children has built up this specific activity. One of the major advantageous viewpoints is to get the children associated with specific exercises, aside from their examinations to get propelled in specific angles. Basic Analysis of the Study Frida Kahlos work was impact by various types of physiological occasions from her adolescence and early adulthood. It is conceivable to recognize the article delineated artistic creations and the method of seeing. The mode of works of art not at all like photography doesn't really adhere to specific standards and guidelines. The craftsman is allowed to speaks to anything with their minds. The primary huge point in the investigation is to recognize the idea of painting and self representation (Nicholson, 2014). Picture alludes to any canvas which depicts a human character and on them, other hand; self representation alludes to a composition which portrays the craftsmen that created the works of art. There are a few meanings of the word self picture, climate communicated in the vehicle of painting or as photography. Be that as it may, self picture climate has its own unmistakable kind of craftsmanship, which builds the degree of creative mind of the specialists. Frida Kahlo is one of t he most persuasive figures in self picture (Van Hoorn et al. 2014). Frida Kahlo is a Mexican conceived painter who energized the possibility of self representation. End From the three recordings, it very well may be alluded as what are the nuts and bolts crafts of the youth exercises. The three video depicts about various types of youth exercises which larger parts of the childrens need to act in their adolescence. The

Krannert Center Begins 50th Anniversary with FREE Opening Night Party!

Krannert Center Begins 50th Anniversary with FREE Opening Night Party! It’s time to kick off the season that’s been five decades in the making! On Friday, September 7 starting at 6pm, Krannert Center for the Performing Arts will usher in the 2018-19 season with an Opening Night Party featuring a vibrant mix of top-notch artists, dancing, food, and a by-the-decades car display surrounding the Center. This is an incredible, FREE opportunity to check out Krannert Center and all it has to offer, from its immense indoor space thats open to the public daily, to the many performance and rehearsal spaces, to Promenade Showcase + Gift Shop and Intermezzo cafe. The event is completely free (though donations are encouraged if youre able) and open to the public, with performances taking place throughout the night at the Centers lobby venues, Stage 5 and Stage 6, and in the outdoor amphitheatre. Starting off the evening will be Ranky Tanky, bringing West African and American jazz influences to its lively, funky arrangements. Multicultural Baracutanga blends traditional South American rhythms with modern style to keep audiences dancing. Steel guitarist AJ Ghent fuses blues and funk with rock and pop to construct an unforgettable, one-of-a-kind musical style. Local favorite New Orleans Jazz Machine will offer two sets of its Dixieland classics. Finally, Mucca Pazza will pop-up in performance of marching band traditions blended with rock music sure to bring audience members to their feet. Local vendors will be offering food and beverages for purchase on the outdoor terrace, plus food trucks on Oregon Street immediately adjacent to the Center. Take this opportunity to discover your Champaign-Urbana favorites from Betsys Bistro; Oh, Honey Pie; Chesters BBQ; Siam Terrace; Caribbean Grill; Piato Cafe, and Ricks Bakery. While not every day at Krannert Center is as busy as Opening Night, the years calendar of events is sure to hold something appealing to everyone. As a student, take advantage of the discounted ticket price for all performancesâ€"you can witness award-winning artists like Itzhak Perlman, Dee Dee Bridgewater, and Savion Glover, plus world-class ensembles including the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Mark Morris Dance Group, and Eighth Blackbird for $10 or less. Students in the College of Fine and Applied Arts also regularly perform at the Center in University productions and ensembles. Krannert Center is a multifaceted resource thats completely unique to the U of I, and I encourage every student to attend a performance or two in their time on campus. Nissa Heman, junior, sociology and political science, Krannert Center publicity assistant Krannert Center Home to Invigorating Performances in the Arts Krannert Center for the Performing Arts serves as one of the nation's premier educational and professional performing arts complexes. The setting for over 300 performances each year, it nurtures excellence and innovation in the performing arts through education, presentation, community service, and research.

King Henry I of Germany - Henry the Fowler - Duke of Saxony

Henry I of Germany was also known as: Henry the Fowler; in German, Henrik or Heinrich der Vogler Henry I of Germany was known for: Founding the Saxon dynasty of kings and emperors in Germany. Although he never took the title Emperor (his son Otto was the first to revive the title centuries after the Carolingians), future emperors would reckon the numbering of Henrys from his reign. How he got his nickname is uncertain; one story has it that he was called fowler because he was setting bird snares when informed of his election as king, but that is probably a myth. Occupations: KingMilitary Leader Places of Residence and Influence: Europe: Germany Important Dates: Born: c. 876Becomes Duke of Saxony: 912Designated heir to Conrad I of Franconia: 918Elected king by the nobles of Saxony and Franconia: 919Defeats Magyars at Riade: March 15, 933Died: July 2, 936 About Henry I of Germany (Henry the Fowler): Henry was the son of Otto the Illustrious. He married Hatheburg, daughter of the count of Merseburg, but the marriage was declared invalid because, after her first husbands death, Hatheburg had become a nun. In 909 he wed Matilda, daughter of the count of Westphalia. When his father died in 912, Henry became Duke of Saxony. Six years later, Conrad I of Franconia designated Henry as his heir shortly before he died. Henry now controlled two of the four most significant duchies in Germany, the nobles of which elected him king of Germany in May of 919. However, the other two important duchies, Bavaria and Swabia, did not recognize him as their king. Henry had respect for the autonomy of the various duchies of Germany, but he also wanted them to unite in a confederation. He managed to force Burchard, the duke of Swabia, to submit to him in 919, but he allowed Burchard to retain administrative control over his duchy. In that same year, Bavarian and East Frankish nobles elected Arnulf, duke of Bavaria, as king of Germany, and Henry met the challenge with two military campaigns, forcing Arnulf to submit in 921. Though Arnulf gave up his claim to the throne, he retained control of his duchy of Bavaria. Four years later Henry defeated Giselbert, king of Lotharingia, and brought the region back under German control. Giselbert was allowed to remain in charge of Lotharingia as duke, and in 928 he married Henrys daughter, Gerberga. In 924 the barbarian Magyar tribe invaded Germany. Henry agreed to pay them tribute and to return a hostage chief in exchange for a nine-year halt to raids on German lands. Henry used the time well; he built fortified towns, trained mounted warriors into a formidable army, and led them in some solid victories against various Slavic tribes. When the nine-year truce ended, Henry refused to pay more tribute, and the Magyars resumed their raids. But Henry crushed them at Riade in March of 933, putting an end to the Magyar threat to the Germans. Henrys last campaign was an invasion of Denmark through which the territory of Schleswig became part of Germany. The son he had with Matilda, Otto, would succeed him as king and become Holy Roman Emperor Otto I the Great. More Henry the Fowler Resources: Henry the Fowler on the Web Henry IConcise bio at Infoplease.Henry the FowlerExcerpt from Famous Men of the Middle Ages by John H. Haaren Henry the Fowler in Print Germany in the Early Middle Ages, 800-1056by Timothy Reuterby Benjamin Arnold Medieval Germany Chronological Index Geographical Index Index by Profession, Achievement, or Role in Society The text of this document is copyright  ©2003-2016 Melissa Snell. You may download or print this document for personal or school use, as long as the URL below is included. Permission is   not  granted to reproduce this document on another website. For publication permission,  please   contact  Melissa Snell. The URL for this document is:http://historymedren.about.com/d/hwho/p/Henry-I-Germany.htm

Marriage Issues in Tom Jones Essay - 923 Words

Marriage Issues in Tom Jones Throughout Tom Jones by Henry Fielding, there are many examples of marriage. There is Squire Westerns marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Fitzpatricks marriage, the mentions of Allworthys wife, the marriage of Nightengale and Nancy, and the marriage of Nightengales cousin and the clergyman, and finally the marriage of Tom and Sophia. Some of these marriages end with a happy ending and some do not and we, the reader, are supposed to look at these marriages and see why they went wrong or why they are good. Through all these examples of marriage, Fielding is urging us to question the current institution of marriage and what it is based on. Fortune is a big issue in the book, especially when†¦show more content†¦Fielding wants us to question these things, like why should two people who have no feeling for each other be married just to better their estates? And why should one partner in the marriage have no voice? An important issue that Fielding raises is the issue of gender equality in a marriage. In most of the marriages presented in this book, we see that the man has control of the money as well as all other aspects of life. We also see in Mr. Allworthys (who is supposed to be one of the most virtuous and kind characters in the book) speech on pages 574-575 how he thinks a good wife is supposed to act. Mr. Allworthy says, [Sophia] always shewed the highest Deference to the Understandings of Men; a Quality absolutely essential to the making a good Wife(575). I think that Fielding instills this belief in Allworthys character to show the reader that even though this man is the perfect man, he still has this backward way of thinking. And we see throughout the book numerous accounts of miserable marriages between unequal partners. Through the characters of Nightengale, Nancy, cousin Nightengale and the clergyman, we are warned of what will happen when we press our child too much to bend to our will. Fielding also wants the reader to see that maybe with this new generation of children comes a new way of thought. These characters marry because of love. He wants theShow MoreRelatedEssay on A Pro-Gay Marriage Argument836 Words   |  4 Pagesdropping economy, marriage is no longer a priority to some. Still to others, overlooking the fact that many no longer see marriage as crucial, they are determined to save what they consider constitutes the model for marriage. For years, marriage opportunities for homosexuals has been an ongoing debate, and it still continues today. Many critics of the ordeal pose the argument that the allowance of same-sex unions would single-handedly demolish the already fragile structure of marriage (Head). 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Analysis Of The Article Secrets Of The Brain Essay

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From his time through the Renaissance, anatomists declared with great authority that our perceptions, emotions, reasoning, and actions were all the result of â€Å"animal spirits†Ã¢â‚¬â€mysterious, unknowable vapors that swirled through cavities in our head and traveled through our bodies.† (Zimmer, p. 38) It was the 17th century British scientist Thomas Willis who recognized that the custard like tissue of the brain was where our mental world existed. The brain is an electric organ. Now we know that instead of animal spirits, voltage spikes travel through it and out into the body’s nervous system. Scientists are motivated for the need to understand the brain to explain neurological diseases such as Autism, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Schizophrenia, and many more. The cure to many of these may just be found hidden in the brain. Could it really be just simple as rewiring the brain or replacing defective or missing parts? 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Enigma of Health Statistics in China - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theEnigma of Health Statistics in China. Answer: Introduction Universal healthcare refers to a system of healthcare that provides financial protection and healthcare services to all citizens in a particular state or country. It has designed and organized in a manner that ensures all citizens in a society benefit from financial risk protection, equality and easy access to quality improved health care services (WHO, 2017). Since there is an assumption that every individual has access to the basic important healthcare, it might not be the case as some individuals lack of that access to equitable healthcare. The ridge between the rural and urban residents is a challenge that has continued in China over the years, along with the issues of significant health inequalities, increase of healthcare cost, poor quality of care delivery and weak public health functions. However, the government of China has made great efforts to address these challenges by rolling out policies to make essential improvements in their healthcare sector (Bhutta and Zulfiqar, 20 10). This essay takes the example of China to discuss the concept and overview of universal healthcare and the policy over the last 10 years. It also further discusses the principles and role played by the government to ensure effectiveness of health systems. Overview of Universal Healthcare in China for the last 10 years Health reforms in China began in the period when China was in great poverty around 30 years ago. Its previous healthcare system was adopted in the early 1980s due to its adoption of the strategies that solely depended on finances from the private sector to be used to fund the healthcare provision and the commercialization of these services. However, this had been developed after the country had dropped one of its most successful healthcare systems, which had greatly helped to improve the wellness of its people and marketability of the healthcare. Failures in the health market led to increased havoc and unfairness in the health sector. The aspect of making the health services private and make them commercial did lead to consequences that in future still had to be addressed. This is due to the fact that there was a creation of a ridge between the poor and the rich as the rich could get access to quality health services unlike the poor (Currie, Janet, Lin, and Zhang, 2011). The Government of China has been devoted to finding solutions facing the healthcare system by doing extensive research and investigations that are involving international scholars and organizations to help them to collect information on the negative implications of privatizing the healthcare sector. This has not only helped the government to know its consequences and causes but has been a revelation to the public too. It has also provided a foundation for reforms to be made in the Universal Health Care (UHC). Reforms on UHC were first announced in 2005 and they entailed targets of achieving a 100 percent change in the healthcare social coverage through three different insurances schemes that had been designed involving various populations groups, which were not enjoying sufficient healthcare provision. These insurance benefits are to greatly have an impact on a bigger population as forecasted by the year 2015 (Hebert et al, 2014). An effective UHC coverage in China seeks to ensure that every individual has medicinal drugs available to him or her. Therefore, it has made new investments that include disease prevention programs and primary healthcare provision services that are to ensure that services are provided to everyone. This comprises of the setting up of new buildings, the manufacturing of drugs that are essential and making them accessible to people through the distribution process, making the information systems electronic and also providing educational and training forums for physicians that are involved in primary healthcare provision. The healthcare system in China is undergoing tremendous changes and reforms (Lan, Xue and Liou, 2012.) Principles to Ensure Effectiveness of Health Systems Insurance Coverage Schemes Health insurance is one of the most essential components of universal coverage. In the late 1990s, China had established three major insurance programs. Then a new healthcare reform was started in 2009 aiming to provide universal health coverage to all its citizens, and to reduce disparities and improve healthcare services on those disadvantage population. The first insurance scheme began in the year 1998 in urban areas, known as Urban Employees Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI) which provides employees with medical coverage in the public and private sector. It is a compulsory insurance scheme for all employment. Next, the New Rural Cooperative Medical Insurance (NRCM) was established in 2003 which targets at the rural regions. It covers part of the cost for all medical treatment but excluded certain outpatient and drug expenses. The premium of this insurance scheme is funded by both the governments and citizens. The third insurance scheme Urban Residents Basic Medical Insurance (URBMI ) was introduced in 2007 to provide coverage for urban residents in 79 cities who are not covered by UEBMI. The intention is to reduce impoverishment caused by chronic and fatal diseases. This insurance scheme was later expanded to nationwide in 2010 (He, Alex, Yang, and Hurst, 2015). The government of China adopted strategies to subsidize the premiums for the rural and urban people as a way of expanding its insurance coverage through the EMI. The western sides of the country are normally associated with a lower income hence the government decided to give them subsidies almost up to 90 percent on their premiums. The coastal regions that are characterized by people who are assumed financially stable were offered subsidies close to 70 percent of their premiums. The past few years have been characterized by an increase in premium as a way of improving the compensation rates. This can be seen through the government paying more premiums in 2008, under the URBMI and NCMS from 80 to 200 in 2011, showing a significant change. Besides this, the Ministry of Civil Affairs initiated a program called Medical Assistance, whereby it helps to pay premiums for the poor. There are also other reasons that have sped up the coverage of the insurance schemes and they include incentives such as the village leader or township mayor getting a promotion in accordance with the number of people under his or her leadership that have got insurance covers. This has led to the number of medical insurances covers increasing rapidly as the leaders strive to get these promotions. It is evident that the numbers have increased since in 2011 almost 95 percent of the people had EMI cover (China National Health Accounts Report, 2014). Prioritizing on Prevention The new health reforms in China prioritize on medicine that is used for preventive measures. The government has done this through provision of RMB25 yearly to every individual which is normally paid to the doctors that provide primary healthcare includes all the doctors in rural areas as well as doctors in the urban areas that provide healthcare services in regard to the number of people they serve. For instance, a doctor that is serving a population of 2000 people will receive RNB 50,000 in order to carry out provision to health services to all these individuals. The main duties of these doctors include provision of vaccines or immunization, prenatal and child care, visitation of outpatients, maintenance of records, provision of health education, monitoring of contagious diseases such as tuberculosis and monitoring patients with chronic conditions such as stroke or cardiac arrest. Besides China having these reforms, it lacks a way of monitoring the services provided by these doctors hence in case of a problem, it is hard to hold anyone accountable. Public Hospitals Reforms Normally, the public hospitals in China offer up to 90 percent of the whole countrys inpatients and outpatient facilities. The success of the healthcare reforms depends solely on the governments ability to improve the quality of the healthcare services to make the services efficient and accessible. The government can also attribute to the success of the reforms by controlling the health expenses as one way of protecting the patients from financials risks and this will attribute to increased patient satisfaction. The main challenge in the hospitals in China is their profit motivate hence they lack a well laid down mission to guide them. The central government also in its three-year health reforms never laid down concrete guidelines to help it achieve its motives. However, in the period 2009-2011, seventeen selected cities were used to experiment various approaches aimed at reforming public hospitals (Aitken and Valkova, 2013). Role Played by Government The most remarkable role played by the government is the insurance coverage, which has greatly helped in making healthcare services more affordable. This is evident from the insurance cover increments as from the year 2000 whereby it was 15 per cent to 95 per cent in 2011, comprising of 1.28 billion people being covered. This represents the success of universal healthcare reforms in China since a great number of people can get health insurance in a very short period thus showing that the health services are more accessible and affordable. This achievement has been attributed by the government whereby it decided to finance its citizens in healthcare provision due to its financial capability got from the rapid economic growth in China (Wang, 2011). The easier access to medical facilities or healthcare provision centers has been due to the 2009 health reforms. Through the various statistics carried out on health facilities national wide, it shows that physical access to these medical facilities greatly improved in 2008 and 2011. In the countrys central and western areas, the physical access to medical facilities increased by 83 percent in 2011. Improvement in access to healthcare services has been attributed to the health reforms. These reforms include the government subsidies in the insurance premiums, more improved medical programs, an increased number of investments in healthcare provision sector, insurance benefit packages, building up of more medical premises and provision of essential medical drugs. This has made UHC more affordable in China. UHC has been able to be achieved in China but the government has claimed that the benefits are averagely shallow and it is targeting to increase these benefits. For instance, the first benefit packages of URBMI and NCMS covered only the in-patients but the benefits were improved to cover also the outpatients. The specific benefits, however, vary in the fund allocation rates across the three major healthcare insurance schemes in China (Green, Jackisch, Zamaro, 2015). The government of Chinas reforms attempts in the public hospitals shows the immense pushback from public hospitals and the medical staff especially the physicians whose incomes from other activities that are profit-motivated will reduce. This has made China struggle in terms of solutions for the challenges facing its healthcare provision sector. The government may be willing to increase its amount of expenditure in the healthcare sector but this may not be directly proportional to the service output in the medical facilities. In order for changes to be experienced in terms of efficient service provision, there need to be changed in the health systems such as providing a monitoring system on the provision of the services, putting up of information systems, reforms on salaries/incentives and also alteration of the management team. Since China has made the health systems to be profit-motivated, it has made the health specialists to lose the professional ethics hence no transparency and accountability exercised in these medical facilities. This had led to unnecessary surgeries, tests, and drugs in most of the hospitals. The world can learn from China that medical ethics are necessary and once lost it are not easy to restore them back (Bi, et al, 2009). Effective provision of healthcare services requires reforms in the healthcare systems to as to ensure that there is the provision of quality healthcare services and drugs. These services should be equitable and accessible to the people in the rural areas who are financially incapable of buying expensive drugs. Good policies on human resource need also to be set up and implemented to curb exploitation from the private facilities that are profit-oriented. Finally, in this China case, we see that medical ethics are very important in the service provision sector. For instance, physicians have a duty professionally to diagnose and treat patients suffering from various diseases. In decision-making, the physicians need to put the interests of the patients first regardless of the current social or economic conditions. In China, the Hippocratic Oath was established as a way of ensuring that ethical standards are upheld and maintained (Bhutta and Zulfiqar, 2010). Conclusion The universal healthcare policy is a system of healthcare that provides healthcare services and financial protections to its citizens. The policy is designed in such a way that all the citizens benefit from the financial protection and easy access to healthcare services. In China, most people have an easy and equal access to affordable healthcare services; however, there is a slight disconnect in healthcare access between the rural and the urban residents, which poses a major challenge in equal access to healthcare. In addition, China has a high health expenditure caused by wastefulness in the healthcare system causing inflations affecting the provision of affordable healthcare services. Nonetheless, China has made tremendous steps in order to meet its challenges in the provision of affordable healthcare services, which can be emulated by other nations. References Aitken, M., and S. Valkova. 2013. Avoidable costs in US Healthcare. IMS Institute forHealthcare Informatics, Parsippany, NJ.Adel, Charles, et al. 2012. The Economics ofHealthcare Quality and Medical Errors. Journalof Healthcare Finance 39 (1): 39. Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. 2010. Unravelling the Enigma of Health Statistics in China. 2010.The Lancet 375 (9720): 105860. Bi, Yufang, et al. 2009. Evidence-based medication use among Chinese patients with acutecoronary syndromes at the time of hospital dischargeand 1 year after hospitalization: resultsfrom the Clinical Pathways for Acute CoronarySyndromes in China (CPACS) study. American Heart Journal 157.3: 509516 China National Health Accounts Report, 2014, China National Health DevelopmentResearch Center, Beijing, ChinaCurrie, Janet, Wanchuan Lin, and JuanjuanMeng. 2014. Addressing AntibioticAabuse in China: An Experimental AuditStudy. Journal of Development Economics110:3951. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.05.006 Currie, Janet, Wanchuan Lin, and Wei Zhang.2011. Patient Knowledge and AntibioticAbuse: Evidence from an Audit Study inChina. Journal of Health Economics 30(5):933949. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.05.009. Green, G., Jackisch, J., Zamaro, G. 2015.Healthy cities as catalysts for caring and supportive Environments. Health Promotion International, 30 (suppl 1):i99-i107. He, Jingwei Alex, Wei Yang, and Keith Hurst.2015. Clinical Pathways in Chinaan Evaluation.International Journal of HealthcareQuality Assurance 28 (4). Hebert, Paul L., Chuan-Fen Liu, Edwin S. Wong,Susan E. Hernandez, Adam Batten, Sophie Lo,Jaclyn M. Lemon et al.2014. Patient-centeredMedical Home Initiative Produced ModestEconomic Results for Veterans Health Administration, 201012. Health Affairs 33 (6): 980987. Lan Xue and Kuotsai Tom Liou. 2012. Government Reform in China: Concepts and Reform Cases. Review of Public Administration 32(2):115133 Wang Xiang. 2011. The Strategy Choices of Payment Reform: Based on 17 Years Reform In Zhenjiang. China Health Insurance (07):3536.

SUBSTANCE ABUSE HISTORY Essay Example For Students

SUBSTANCE ABUSE HISTORY Essay A diagnostic summary was completed on 10/6/96; Jack Smith is a 41-year-old white male currently living in a small community in southern Ohio. Jack came into the agency involuntarily; his involvement with the agency is a requisite of probation for assault and domestic violence. He was arrested for assaulting his wife during an alcoholic blackout; he was placed on probation for one year on the condition he participates in substance abuse counseling. This is Jacks second involvement with this agency as a result of his alcohol abuse. His first encounter was in 1985, when he underwent after-care counseling with an agency counselor who no longer is employed at this facility. We will write a custom essay on SUBSTANCE ABUSE HISTORY specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The apparent symptoms of chemical dependency were: 1) Loss of Control Jack had made several attempts at controlling the amounts of alcohol he consumed, but those times when he was able to abstain from alcohol were when he substituted marijuana and/or other drugs. 2) Blackouts these began occurring almost daily as a result of his alcohol and marijuana use. 3) Family History of Alcohol/Drug Usage Jacks natural and adoptive parents, as well as three natural brothers and three natural sisters have used alcohol and/or drugs heavily. 4) Changes in Tolerance when Jack began drinking at age 15, he soon developed a high tolerance for beer; by age 18, he was drinking six-to nine beers per occasion, and had begun smoking marijuana on these occasions. Before he stopped using marijuana in 1985, he was smoking one-two marijuana joints daily through the week, and five-six joints daily on weekends, as well as drinking the equivalent of a 12-pack of beer daily, occasionally chasing it with whiske y during the week, and on weekend, consuming the standard 12-pack of beer in addition to half of a fifth of whiskey mixed with soft drinks. 5) Physiological Symptomology Jack was diagnosed with bleeding ulcers shortly after he began drinking at age 15; when he entered his second treatment program in 1985, he was diagnosed with alcoholic hepatitis; currently, his flushed/tannish-looking skin and bloated appearance (edema) are indicative of further liver dysfunctions which can be attributed to his continued alcohol consumption. Bibliography:

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Case Study Analysis of Whole Foods Market Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Analysis of Whole Foods Market - Case Study Example In the last 30 years, sales of organic products have increased by 30 percent, driven by changing consumer habits in healthier eating and lifestyle (Gemma, 2009; Thompson, 2008). More consumption of organic products and healthier lifestyle products have made this an attractive procurement model for many different grocers and specialty stores to keep up with this increase in consumer demand. Thus, Whole Foods no longer corners the market and runs the risk of losing market share to new competition in key target markets. Using Porter’s Five Forces as the relevant example, Whole Foods operates in a market environment where there is relative ease of entry by competition, a market where competitive rivalry does not require complex technologies or capital investment to differentiate, where there is relative ease of product substitution for consumers, and where there is relatively low bargaining power for Whole Foods within the supply chain. In fact, Whole Foods acknowledges in its 201 0 annual report that the business maintains many different risks associated with current and future unpredictable supply fluctuations that makes forecasting and procurement difficult to manage (Whole Foods, 2010). The supply chain is significantly impacted by changing laws on organic and health-related products (Whole Foods, 2010) that can create harsher product formulation changes. At the same time, increase in competitive procurement of organic products has the ability to limit supply, thus raising prices within the supply chain against the laws of supply and demand (Boyes & Melvin, 2005). High availability of substitutes and increasing competitive rivalry in marketing, supply and differentiation give consumers considerable buying power in this market which forces Whole Foods to continuously monitor the marketing environment to counter competitive marketing to sustain its current and projected market share expectations with key target markets. Currently, the life cycle of organic products in this market environment is unpredictable, as most of the demand for similar health-conscious and organic products is trends-based driven by lifestyle and consumer attitude. Therefore, the sustainability of certain organic products represents a risk to the business and therefore impacts supply chain, promotions, and even pricing establishment. In many ways, the competitive advantages currently experienced by Whole Foods is strongly influenced by consumer behaviour and lifestyle demands that might not always be sustainable. However, Whole Foods currently maintains high revenues that continue to show growth in organic and health-conscious products (Whole Foods, 2012; MMR, 2012, MMR, 2011). Growth estimates recently provided by Whole Foods illustrate an estimate of 15.6 percent, up from the 2011 projection of 13.5 percent (MMR, 2012). The sales growth improves market availability domestically and internationally, however it is a market where competitive differentiation and m arketing-based positioning drive competitive rivalry. 2. Resource and competitive position of Whole Foods Whole Foods Market maintains a significant cost advantage in advertising over competition. In 2007, the business only devoted 0.5 percent of its total budget to this function, relying instead on word-of-mouth for sustaining market share and satisfying customers (Whole Foods, 2010; Thompson, 2008). Other competitors in this environment spend considerably more on advertising and promotion in order to

The ebonics Dialect Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The ebonics Dialect - Research Paper Example language has a natural growth trajectory is wrong, but that rather, the way language grows is controlled by humans as opposed to language growing on its own. As Wilson (89) says, the way people attach certain meanings to various words and phrases is what gives language meaning. Orwell is likely to have a different view of the usage of the N word from Wallace. First, it is important to understand that the N word has evolved over the last few decades. From the derogatory word Negro, the ebonic word Nigga has been derived, especially among the African American community. Unlike the derogatory nature of the word from which the Nigga is used, the word Nigga is used as a word of respect in among the African American community. Orwell would agree with this kind of language shift and may be appreciate the fact that this kind of development is necessary for the growth of language. However, a person like Wallace would have reservation against the use of this word and see this as a negative change from the requirements of language. Wallace admits to being a language nerd, the kind who looks to make sure that every rule has been observed. In this regard, he would most likely object to the N word, either in the form of Nigga, or Negro. This is because the word Nigga could be seen by a grammar expert as an informal word while Negro is seen as offensive and derogatory (Ernest 145). As a result, for a person like Wallace, he would probably have a problem with the use of this world. Orwell on the other hand seems to have a different view of the rules of language. He argues that the way people modify language leads to the way language plays out in politics, and then the political affects the way people modify language. In this regard, he is most likely to appreciate the fact that language grows in such ways that maintain archaic rules of grammar may neither be necessary nor feasible. As an English teacher, Curzan talks about teaching grammar and grammar rules. She starts her

New Approaches Of Human Resource Management Business Essay

New Approaches Of Human Resource Management Business Essay Human resource Management is the backbone of organisations growth in this changing business world. Organisations are having are a large budget and a separate development for HRM due to the internationalisation and globalisation phenomen. The importance of HR in the UK has increased during the past years, which has led organisations to review their policy on handling human resource which in some case is the core competence of the organisation. The term HRM and HR have largely replaced the term personnel management in managing people in the organization. Historical development of HRM. HRM has developed over time from mere administrative role to modern role of strategic development. Strategic HRM has gained both credibility and popularity over the past decade, employee are considered as part of the overall strategy Personnel Management Human Resource Mgt. Nature of relations Focus individualistic Contractual basis Focus unitarist -vision and mission -Employees as partners in the org. Relation of power and Mgt. Centralized Top management full authority Decentralized -Power shared between top, middle and lower mgt. -TQM approach -Bottom up approach Leadership and Mgt Role Transactional Task oriented focus on procedures punishment for non compliance Transformational people oriented -focus on shared vision. Corporate culture and vision, trust and flexibility. Pay policies and Job design Based on skills and knowledge -ability to perform the job as per contract -Division of labor no value added -Job design functional based Designed to encourage continuous job performance and improvement -linked to value added -Job design teamwork and cyclical based. -Job Rotation Tesco which operates in a fiercely competitive sector has been successful by using a human resource led business strategy. Although the analysis above show more coordination between employees and employers, the fact is the working environment is more competitive for both parties. On one hand theres organisation like Tesco who is investing a huge budget for the HRM whereby the cost will be recovered through there sales that is being paid by the general public. On the otherhand employees which are with less job security dont have much choice other than to show there commitment and as well having transferable skills with the changing employment market. Human resource practitioner. HR people are the strategic database of organizations. Source (www.bized.co.uk) HR Practitioners acts as the bridge of communication flow between Mangement and employees. Sometimes heavily involved in the operational role, handling grievances and discipline while new demands are made from them. It is quite difficult to measure the effectiveness of the HR as it is so complex. The HR Practitioners should be able to: Add Value demonstrate their impact on the business Recruitment and retention Aware of labor market, recruitment source and key talent retention. Succession planning- Clear workforce development plan Turnover, change to business (technological or legal) Motivation and Engagement Demonstrate that people make a difference (Employee motivation and engagement). Employer of choice To engage the best talent and keep these people engaged. Source ( Mr Vedula Notes ) Line managers in HR practices. Line managers are responsible for group of employee normally in the lower layers of management hierarchy and these employee do not themselves have any managerial or supervisory responsibility. Line Managers Responsibility People management Managing operational costs Providing technical expertise Work allocation and Rota Monitoring and checking quality Dealing with customers/clients Measuring operational performance -performance appraisal Line managers Role In organization like Tesco they a play a vital role in terms of implementing and enacting HR policies and practices. The checkout line managers would be in better position to convince their staff for any overtime or bank holiday shift. As employees feels more positive about the relationship with their line managers. So they are more likely to have higher levels of job satisfaction, commitment and loyalty associated with better performance and discretionary behaviors. Line managers also help in structuring people actual experience of doing a job. They play a crucial role in acting upon the advice or guidance from HR ( Implentation of new legislation selling alcohol to under ages customers). Line managers control the work flow by directing and guiding the work of others. They also have to report to HR about any changes about the number of employees they need or any leavers to fill the gap for. So they always have to work in collaboration with HR. A well managed line managers are more likely to go on to lead high performing teams, therefore the support of senior management and action on the continuous development of line managers are critical. Recruitment and Selection. Recruitment is the process of Attracting, viewing and selecting competent people for a job at an organization. Source (www.1000ventures.com) HR planning and stages involved in the process. Human Resource Planning is the process of analyzing an organizations likely future needs for people in terms of numbers, skills and locations. They uses the right recruitment and training techniques to satisfy these needs. It ensures the firm has right number of people, in the right place, with the right skills at the right time. Tesco need for recruitment arises when there is new outlet opening in the UK and international expansion. There is also leavers , resigners or those who retires to be replaced. Any change in strategy, process and technology might rise to the need of more staff. In Tesco the latest one was the introduction of IT sales assistant in the shop and the self service checkout. Tesco uses a workforce planning table to establish the likely demand for new staff which are quarterly reviewed. Tesco can adjust staffing levels and Recruit accordingly to meet its strategic objectives, for example, to open new stores and maintain customer service standards. A Job description sets out Job title Job holders responsibility To whom the job holder is responsible Asimple description of roles and responsibilities. A Person specification sets out the skills, characteristics and attributes that a person needs to do a particular job. These two tools combine to make the basis for job advertisement. They help job applicants and post-holders to know what is expected of them. They should: Information to attract suitable people Checking device to select applicants with the right skills for interview Targets and standards for job performance. Process for recruitment in two organizations. Tesco internal recruitment The process looks at its internal Talent Plan, internal mgt development programme and options which lists current employees looking for a move, either at the same level or on promotion. In case none of them match their requirement Tesco advertises the post internally on its intranet for two weeks. Tesco external recruitment Tesco advertises vacancies via their website or through vacancy boards in stores. Applications are made online for managerial positions. The chosen applicants have an interview followed by attendance at an assessment centre for the final stage of the selection process. People interested in store-based jobs with Tesco can approach stores with their CV or register though Jobcentre Plus. The store prepares awaiting list of people applying in this way and calls them in as jobs become available. . Tesco will seek the most cost-effective way of attracting the right applicants. It is expensive to advertise on television and radio, and in some magazines, but sometimes this is necessary to ensure the right type of people get to learn about the vacancies. IKEA Recruitment Process Ikea developed global recruitment process, offering higher quality at lower cost by using modern technology. Ikea arrange open days for its future workers where they can chat with existing employees. Ikea recruitment strategy focuses on variety and ethics rather than pervious experience which has keep their turnover very low. Innergy (Agency) helps Ikea managing their recruitment process. BrassRing had been chosen by Ikea as its Global e recruitment platform and was implemented by ARINSO International. The recruitment process was highly manual and non consistent before. This project would allow Ikea to restructure its recruitment processes. Interview technique and selection methods. Interview technique is designed to predict future job performance on the basis of applicants oral responses to oral inquiries. Advantages Highlight communication skills , verbal and social skills Can assess knowledge Compatibility between the applicant and the employees Applicant asked question might help for selection decision .( Pay , Perk or Future studies) Flexible to gather more info. Disadvantages subjective evaluations are made decisions made on the first impression interviewers form stereotypes concerning the characteristics required for success on the job not as reliable as test Interviewers may be biased to candidate they like Interviewers may use multiple, leading ,embarrassing and provocative questions Interviewers may talk more than listening Interview technique has low reliability and low viability. Selection methods Psychometric Testing- good record and liability. Ability Test Focus on mental abilities and physical testing Inventories Self report questionnaires interests, aptitudes and preferences E-assessment Testing anytime and anywhere Loss of control over administration of test Assessment centers Provide fuller picture combining a range of technique Selection practices and procedures in two organisations. Selection involves choosing the most suitable people from those that apply for a vacancy, whilst keeping to employment laws and regulations. Screening candidates is vital within the selection process ens8uring the best candidate fit the gap. Line managers for the job often take part in the interview to make sure that the candidate fits the job requirements. Tesco selection external management stages IKEA recruits people based on fact they will be suitable on the culture. As stated above the selection process is mostly carried out by agency but within IKEA there are development methods which include training, coaching and performance management. As such creating a source of internal recruitment as Tesco has, but the process of external recruitment is carried out by the agencies mostly Procedures for monitoring and rewarding the employee. Employers have always monitored their staff in one way or another because they have always needed to be able to check the quality and quantity of their employees work. Helping to identify the need for training, refresher courses or appraisal. Job evaluation and factors determining pay.. A method of determining on a systematic basis the relative importance of a number of different jobs used when: Determining pay and grading structures Ensuring a fair and equal pay system Ranking. Jobs are compared to each other based on the overall worth of the job to the organization. Advantages Simple. Very effective for few jobs Disadvantages Difficult to administer -jobs increases. Rank judgments are subjective. Process to be repeated for each new job to be filled. Classification Jobs are classified into an existing grade/category structure or hierarchy Advantages Simple. The grade/category structure exists independent of the jobs. Classification easier than the Ranking Method. Disadvantages Classification judgments are subjective. The standard used for comparison biases Some jobs may appear to fit within more than one grade/category Factor Comparison A set of compensable factors are identified as determining the worth of jobs: Skill Responsibilities Effort Working Conditions Advantages The value of job- monetary terms. Applied to a wide range of jobs. Applied to newly created jobs. Disadvantages Judgments are subjective. The standard used for determining the pay for each factor may have build in biases The point method Each factor is then divided into levels or degrees which are then assigned points. The points for each factor are summed to form a total point score for the job. Jobs are then grouped by total point score and assigned to wage/salary grades Advantages The value of job monetary terms. Applied to a wide range of jobs. Applied to newly created jobs. Disadvantages Judgments are subjective. The standard used for determining the pay for each factor may have built-in biases Reward system. Rewards can be categorized in the above matrix. As well as competitive salaries at all levels, in every area of the business, Tesco also offer a whole package of other ways to help you make more of your money, safeguard your future and look after your health. Motivational theory and reward. National Business Awards, the company just chosen as Employer of the Year was Tesco. In their citation the judges said that Tesco was voted Employer of the Year because its solutions were seen to be more holistic, Tesco have invested  £12m this year alone in training schemes Tescos Employee Reward Program has some similarity to Taylors theory. Its financial reward packages are a motivating factor. At Tesco the Mayo theory is seen to be operating throughout the company. Communication is an extremely important factor in motivating employees. In 1959 Frederick Herzberg developed the Two-Factor theory of motivation Abraham Maslow argued that humans are motivated by five essential needs Tesco promote new and more open lines of communication between managers and staff Directors and senior managers spend a week on the shop floor listening to ideas and suggestions from customers and staff; A talent spotting scheme to fast-track shop-floor workers up the promotional ladder A better understanding of individual employee circumstances. The result of all these initiatives is that Tesco is continuing to show record sales growth and profits .Employees highly trained are demonstrating commitment to the organisation and feels valued within the overall strategy. This if felt by customer with a higher level of service which gives organisation added value and prestige. Organizations approaches to monitoring performance. Tescos purpose is to serve its customers. Tescos organizational structure has the customer at the top. Tesco needs people with the right skills at each level of this structure. There are six work levels within the organization. Each level requires particular skills and behaviors. Work level 1 frontline jobs ability to work accurately and with enthusiasm and to interact well with others. Work level 2 Team leaders the ability to manage resources, to set targets, to manage and motivate others. Work level 3 running an operating unit management skills, including planning, target setting and reporting. Work level 4 supporting operating units and recommending strategic change. Business knowledge, analytical skills and to make decisions, and the ability to lead others. Work level 5 responsible for the performance of Tesco as a whole. ability to lead and direct others, and to make major decisions. Work level 6 creating the purpose, values and goals for Tesco plc. a good overview of retailing, and the ability to build a vision for the future and lead the whole organization. Rights and procedure on exit from an organisation. Evaluation of exit procedures and compare to best practice. When skills are relatively scarce, recruitment is costly and it takes several weeks to fill a gap the level of turnover is likely to be problematic for the org. The operation of an Exit Procedure is extremely important as it helps the company To identify and correct hidden organizational and management problems It enables the organisation to comply with its legal duty to monitor the reasons why people is leaving It helps to ensure the return of Company property It enables a proper handover of work and administrative matters to take place to examine the reasons why people are leaving to identify whether any improvements in employment practice could be made UW-EXTENSION ADMINISTRATIVE POLICY UW-EXTENSION EXIT POLICY AND PROCEDURES Resignation: If an employee decides to leave employment with Extension, the employee is responsible for providing adequate written notice The employee will receive written confirmation of the resignation from the hiring Exit Questionnaire: All separating employees shall complete an Exit Questionnaire,available from the supervisor or divisional personnel representative, and bring thecompleted questionnaire to the exit interview Exit Interviews: Prior to the last day worked, an exiting employee will have an exit interview. theemployee and supervisor are encouraged to discuss any matters of interest.Information collected during the Exit Interview Process shall be confidential and will notbe used in any way to reflect upon the exiting employee Exit interview data shall be compiled, summarized, and reported to the ExecutiveCommittee on a quarterly basis Other Out-Processing Procedures Matters to be reviewed or collected at this time are: Keys and key cards. Computer access authorization codes. Telephone cards or ID cards. Corporate credit cards. Forwarding address. Identification cards/badges. Return Employee Handbook. Arrange last paycheck and vacation pay.* Insurance conversion and benefits continuation rights.* Tesco exit procedures is not so complex as UW as the nature of the workforce they have is different. They have staffs on temporary contract, part timers and on flexible hours. They do conduct a view point every six months to monitor the workforce concern and appreciation and there is a clause of intended stay with Tesco. Their every little helps slogan is part of the ethos and culture in Tesco. In the SBUS exit interviews are commonly performed in person with the departing employee. More often talking with the departing employee to more completely explore and understand his or her views during the exit interview. Criteria for redundancy selection The selection criteria used by the employer must be carefully and exactly defined so that they can be fairly and consistently applied to each employee. The criteria must also be agreed by the employees representatives Redundancy selection criteria. It must be objective, non-discriminatory and applied consistently. A pool of employees, all or some of whom will eventually be made redundant. Selection criteria for redundancy may be: Skills, qualifications and aptitude these can help keep a balanced workforce. Standard of work performance with this method, you need to provide supporting objective evidence, for example from the business appraisal system. Adaptability it may be important for your business that employees accept different types of work as needs change. Attendance/disciplinary record you must apply this method consistently, and be sure your records are accurate and that you understand the reasons for absences. Length of service -last in, first out, The following criteria are considered unfair and can give rise to claims under Unfair Dismissal or the relevant discrimination laws: trade union reasons carrying out duties relating to redundancy, as an elected representative of the employees maternity grounds sex, race or disability grounds Conclusion. Tesco has been very successful over the past years by a fully intergrated HR department and as such demonstrated a model implementation of HR. The big picture of Tesco strategy is discussed with all employees thus clarifying their role and importance in the organization. The HR department in Tesco is proactive which has allowed the organization to focus on Human resource with such practices with training issues. They perform their task with the Tesco Steering Wheel Strategy and practicing a total quality approach throughout the organization.

If there is a long drawn-out war with Iraq (or any other :: Economics

If there is a long drawn-out war with Iraq (or any other country), what implications might this have for Britain's fiscal deficit? Also trace out the possible effects, if any, on: a) Monetary Policy, b) Inflation and c) Unemployment. The economic policy followed by a country engaged in war is ,certainly, different of that followed by a country when in peace. Britain now finds itself a few steps away from war with Iraq and the questions concerning the implications of this ,unnecessary for many, war are not little. Firstly, before we analyze the effects of war with Iraq on fiscal policy and deficit of the UK we must briefly outline the role of fiscal policy and what is a fiscal deficit. Fiscal policy is a so-called demand management policy and is defined as the manipulation of government expenditures and/or of taxes in order to influence aggregate demand and thus economic activity and employment. In the case of Britain, there is a fiscal deficit. A rise in government expenditures and/or a decrease in taxes (i.e. an increase of injections over withdrawals) leads to an even greater (through the multiplier) rise in national income and thus of employment. Deficit spending could lead to an expansion of economic activity; this policy is known as expansionary (or, reflationary) fiscal policy. It can be said, with great certainty, that Britain's fiscal deficit will increase largely during the war. Being an OECD[1] member country and a country with similar economic performance from time to time, Britain can be considered largely an economy with many common aspects to the U.S. economy in many aspects. The U.S. economy had three major peaks in deficits and all of them reflect wars: the Civil War of the 1860s, WWI and WWII. So one can expect that a long drawn-out war with Iraq will mean that the British economy will run on deficit for a long time. This should not suggest that deficits will occur after the war as well, though. U.S. economy has recovered and reduced the stock of debt after these wars. There are also political factors that need to be considered in the case of Britain. Because of the high public unrest and anti-war movement that occurred in Britain before the war the government might feel obliged to prove to the people that war against Iraq was a wise thought. UK government would be able to provide that short-term feel-good factor by cutting taxes and possibly increased spending. If pressure on the government mounts, and it is already mounting very fast with numerous resignations and public protests, it is very likely that it would see more clearly the If there is a long drawn-out war with Iraq (or any other :: Economics If there is a long drawn-out war with Iraq (or any other country), what implications might this have for Britain's fiscal deficit? Also trace out the possible effects, if any, on: a) Monetary Policy, b) Inflation and c) Unemployment. The economic policy followed by a country engaged in war is ,certainly, different of that followed by a country when in peace. Britain now finds itself a few steps away from war with Iraq and the questions concerning the implications of this ,unnecessary for many, war are not little. Firstly, before we analyze the effects of war with Iraq on fiscal policy and deficit of the UK we must briefly outline the role of fiscal policy and what is a fiscal deficit. Fiscal policy is a so-called demand management policy and is defined as the manipulation of government expenditures and/or of taxes in order to influence aggregate demand and thus economic activity and employment. In the case of Britain, there is a fiscal deficit. A rise in government expenditures and/or a decrease in taxes (i.e. an increase of injections over withdrawals) leads to an even greater (through the multiplier) rise in national income and thus of employment. Deficit spending could lead to an expansion of economic activity; this policy is known as expansionary (or, reflationary) fiscal policy. It can be said, with great certainty, that Britain's fiscal deficit will increase largely during the war. Being an OECD[1] member country and a country with similar economic performance from time to time, Britain can be considered largely an economy with many common aspects to the U.S. economy in many aspects. The U.S. economy had three major peaks in deficits and all of them reflect wars: the Civil War of the 1860s, WWI and WWII. So one can expect that a long drawn-out war with Iraq will mean that the British economy will run on deficit for a long time. This should not suggest that deficits will occur after the war as well, though. U.S. economy has recovered and reduced the stock of debt after these wars. There are also political factors that need to be considered in the case of Britain. Because of the high public unrest and anti-war movement that occurred in Britain before the war the government might feel obliged to prove to the people that war against Iraq was a wise thought. UK government would be able to provide that short-term feel-good factor by cutting taxes and possibly increased spending. If pressure on the government mounts, and it is already mounting very fast with numerous resignations and public protests, it is very likely that it would see more clearly the

Cultural Issues of Human Resource Management

International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring Vol. 5. No. 2 August, 2007 Page 45 Carrying Cultural Baggage: the contribution of socio-cultural anthropology to cross-cultural coaching Barbara St Claire-Ostwald, CINCRA International Coaching & Training Consultancy, UK Email Contact: [email  protected] com Abstract This study examines the cultural awareness of professionals working in organisations.Given the multicultural nature of today’s workforce, it is becoming increasingly important for companies and coaches alike to take into account how cross-cultural differences may affect daily working practices. The study draws on a review of current research into cultural dimensions and looks at the complex relationship between personality and culture – our ‘cultural baggage’. In order to explore the opinions and cultural awareness of participants, a questionnaire was developed.The purpose of the questionnaire was to identify themes and orientatio ns to cross-cultural issues in terms not only of communality but also of paradoxes. The results highlighted a high level of recognition of cultural dilemmas and a perceived need and willingness to address and reconcile them. However, the diversity of opinions about the potential benefits of specific methods of addressing cultural dilemmas suggested considerable uncertainly about dealing with cross cultural issues.Key Words: Cross-cultural, cultural baggage, cultural dimensions, coaching, mentoring, socio-cultural anthropology Introduction The aim of this paper is to report on the results of a study designed to explore the emerging discipline of cross-cultural coaching (Rosinski 2003) and to establish the levels of awareness about, and attitudes to cross-cultural issues; the patterns and/or relationships between awareness, attitudes and cultural dimensions among businesses and business consultants, coaches, mentors and coaching/mentoring organisations.I began this study from the pers pective that while there has been some research into mentoring and coaching, there appeared to be little that focussed specifically on cross-cultural influences. In my review of the available literature, it became increasingly clear that the integration of a cultural perspective into coaching was very much at the ‘pioneering’ stage. The main aims of this study were to try and establish levels of awareness bout, and attitudes to cross-cultural issues; and to study the patterns and/or relationships between awareness, attitudes and the cultural dimensions developed by Hofstede and Trompenaars and HampdenTurner among businesses and business consultants, and coaching organisations. Cross-cultural coaching addresses the way in which cultural differences affect the daily lives of people, and raises awareness of cultural differences and the effect they can have on the process of managing others and doing business in general.In today’s global economy organisations underst and that to sustain successful and resilient businesses and to keep their competitive edge, they must develop employees who understand their global business, and employ people with global skills. Rosinski (2003) and Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner (1997) have developed pioneering work in cross-cultural competencies and coaching methods. At a fundamental level, their International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring Vol. 5. No. 2 August, 2007 Page 46 work has been based on the works of socio-cultural anthropologists Hofstede (1980) and Schwartz (1994).Their contribution in overcoming cultural miscommunication, tension and conflict, including the perils of stereotyping and ‘mono-culturalism’, has helped to formulate and explore the hypothesis of this study. Cultural baggage: a by-product of cultural systems Socio-anthropological thinking is based on the premise that all humans are born with the same basic physical characteristics, but depending on where they g row up, each individual is exposed to different climates, foods, languages, religious beliefs etc.Therefore, ‘are we really self-made or did our parents, teachers, families and friends have a hand in it? ’ (Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner, 1997, p. 54). Thus, one could argue that the socioanthropological perspective on culture takes a holistic view, describing culture as a pattern of learned and shared behaviours of people and/or groups consisting of belief systems and languages; and of social relationships be they personal, organisational, or institutional. (Hall, 1963; Hall and Hall, 1987; Hofstede, 1980; Kondo, 1990; Levi-Strauss, 1966; Schwartz, 1994).Therefore, at a fundamental level, it could be argued that culture is a representation of a complete way of life of a people who share the same attitudes, values and practices. Csikszentmihalyi (1997, p. 7) makes the distinction of ‘identity’ by using snowflakes as a metaphor: â€Å"They look identical as they fall, but taking a closer look, we soon discover that they are not identical†. Hence, he argues, rather than seeing identity as a single unitary self, perhaps cultural identity should be viewed as being multi-faceted, i. e. cknowledging that people have a number of selves or identities depending on context and setting. For example, the biggest barrier individuals and/or employees encounter is not necessarily that they come from different parts of the world, or that they speak a different language or even occupy a different physical space, it is the baggage they carry in their own cultural suitcases which needs to be explored. Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner maintain that what people expect depends on where they come from, and the meanings they give to what they have or are experiencing.They argue that â€Å"expectations occur on many different levels, from concrete, explicit level to implicit and subconscious ones† (1997, p. 21). Furthermore, they describe culture a s consisting of various layers: †¦The outer layers are the products and artefacts that symbolise the deeper, more basic values and assumptions about life. The different layers are not independent from one another, but are complementary [†¦]. The shared meanings that are the core of the culture are man-made; are incorporated into people within a culture yet transcend the people in culture. (1997, p. 7) Cross-cultural dilemmas Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner argue that â€Å"Every culture distinguishes itself from others by the specific solutions it chooses to certain problems which reveal themselves as dilemmas† (p. 8); to this end, they have incorporated best management theories into their own analysis of the task of managing across cultures. These theories were realized by using a participant questionnaire profiler, which was based on their Seven Dimensions of Culture model and by incorporating Trompenaars and Woolliams framework for managing change across cultures. Similarly, Rosinski points out the dangers of our assumptions and beliefs systems when working with coachees from varying origins and backgrounds. He argues that by providing a framework for integrating coaching and cultural perspectives, i. e. examining numerous International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring Vol. 5. No. 2 August, 2007 Page 47 cultural orientations, styles and approaches to coaching, the development of a cross-cultural mindset will be facilitated.For example, he writes: Our identity could be viewed as this personal and dynamic synthesis of multiple cultures. Our behaviour will typically vary depending on the group we happen to be associated with [. †¦]. The fact that our behaviours depend in part on the particular cultural context further justifies the need for coaches to integrate the cultural perspective into their practice. In some cases the obstacle to someone’s progress may be cultural rather than psychological, thus calling for a di fferent coaching dialogue. p. 1) Furthermore, he maintains that cultural awareness is more than just realizing another culture is different from our own; it is also about learning to value that other culture. He argues that culture is behind our behaviour, and often without our realization. It can influence how close we stand, how loud we speak, how we deal with conflict and as a result, by failing to understand how culture impacts our needs and preferences, culture can often lead us to misinterpret behaviour.Methodology As the research was exploratory, I focussed the design on two main aspects: the initial review of literature which drew on a broad array of coaching and socio-anthropological theories and studies, and the less extensive, but nevertheless in-depth cross-cultural coaching work of Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner (1997), and Rosinski (2003). In turn, this provided the basis for the primary research, which took the form of a questionnaire which was sent to a small expert survey sample to identify cross-cultural themes and patterns.To ensure that survey participants had some recognizable expertise on the subject under investigation, I adopted the model in (Fig. 1) below. On the one hand, I was attempting to quantify levels of awareness of cross-cultural issues, as well as to explore the accompanying opinions, beliefs and assumptions, and how they relate to the dimensions of culture. I was also trying to make sure that the survey respondents would have an interest in this particular area of study. Fig. Survey Sample and Questionnaire Model Corporate/Business Consultants Awareness Opinions Coaching Organisations The survey sample was not only limited in size, but also in terms of the geographical make-up of the participants, who were mostly from the U. K. with the rest from continental Europe. By International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring Vol. 5. No. 2 August, 2007 Page 48 extension it would be difficult to generalise from the resul ts, however, this was not the intention of the study.While gender could also be a factor which might influence attitudes and responses, the exploratory nature of the study precluded it from being a controlled variable at this point, although this issue could form the basis for further research. The purpose of the initial questionnaire was to elicit the opinions of the survey participants in order to identify themes and orientations to cross-cultural issues, in terms of communality as well as potential paradoxes.It was also intended to see how these opinions and orientations fitted with responses to questions about the various cultural dimensions identified and developed by Hofstede and Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner. The questionnaire was therefore divided into two parts. The first section addressed the opinions about attitudes, values and behaviours pertaining to culture in general, cultural dilemmas and, to crosscultural coaching and training specifically.I also decided to use a n umber of similar questions to check for inconsistencies in responses, which might indicate either a paradox in terms of opinions, possibly a conflict between a ‘norm’ and a given individual’s personal view, or could reflect a lack of appreciation for, or indeed indifference to, a given issue. The second section of the questionnaire was constructed on the basis of Hofstede’s and Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner’s cultural dimensions, and sought to elicit culture-specific values, beliefs and assumptions which could influence cross-cultural interaction within a professional environment.Results, discussions and recommendations In analyzing the responses to the questionnaire, it was evident that there was a high level of recognition of the importance of cross-cultural issues, and the need to address and reconcile them. However it was very difficult to define or quantify levels of cultural awareness, which was to some extent unsurprising given the complexit y of the issues involved. But as I outlined in the methodology, a major objective was also to explore the quality of awareness and understanding of cultural dilemmas and dimensions.In this respect, the first section of the questionnaire (on attitudes to culture and potential cross-cultural training solutions) was very instructive in terms of perceptions about the relationship between culture and personality. In my opinion, the most notable contrast was that there was considerably greater agreement that culture shapes the personality and a lot more uncertainty about how the individual shapes culture. This impression was further reinforced by the general agreement that managers from different cultures do not necessarily find it easy to adapt their behaviour to fit the different needs of another culture.From a coaching perspective, it suggests some attention needs to be paid to how an individual perceives and relates to his/her culture. For example, there is a clear difference between seeing culture as providing a framework for social interaction, which is constantly evolving, and on the other hand perceiving culture as providing a set of social constraints. In either case, there may be some elements of our culture, which at an individual level are considered to be important in our everyday lives, while there are others which may be difficult to accept, which could be sources of tension with other members of our culture.Given that such perceptions may be operating partly at a subconscious level, this may not be easy to establish. But they appear to me to be a significant element in the process of gaining a better understanding of our cultural baggage, i. e. in how we synthesize the myriad of cultural groupings to which we are exposed on a daily basis. There was greater diversity of opinion about the benefits of specific cross-cultural training solutions, and when, where and how they might be applied.The initial conclusion that can be drawn is this shows that the process of integrating the cross-cultural domain into both business and coaching practice is still at an early stage of development. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring Vol. 5. No. 2 August, 2007 Page 49 As far as improving the general awareness and understanding of the benefits of cross-cultural training, three sets of responses in the first section seem to me to define some of the issues that need to be addressed.Firstly the fact that half of the respondents believed that cultural issues within organisations are dealt with only if they relate to behavioural issues is indicative of a certain level of resistance to dealing with these issues, which may be due to an appreciation of the complexity of such issues. On the other hand, if cultural issues in some organisations are only addressed when there is a behavioural conflict, then this will tend to cast them in a negative light.Hence it does lead to the conclusion that some organisations are not sufficientl y aware that ignoring and playing down cultural differences, as well as evaluating them negatively, is a major contributor to miscommunication, misunderstanding and conflict. Secondly, while coaches largely agreed that business managers recognise that diversity training should now include cross-cultural training for employees sent on global assignments, the business organisation responses were much divided.This leads me to conclude that some businesses are either unaware, or possibly not persuaded of the benefits of this specific approach. Nevertheless this set of responses, and the fact that none of the respondents disagreed that incorporating the dilemmas deriving from the differences in cultural dimensions help organisations to integrate their cultural orientations suggests that the key area of uncertainty among businesses and coaches is the method and/or models of integrating cultural dilemmas.The point that this suggests to me is, that before any attempt is made to develop the skills necessary to negotiate the differences between cultures, a greater awareness of how we negotiate difference in our own culture is required. This is to say we need to be more consciously and self-critically aware of the assumptions that underlie our habitual responses and modes of interaction, in other words our cultural baggage. In principal this is already the main focus of traditional coaching and mentoring.But I believe considerably more research needs to be conducted into how these methods and skills can be developed to take account of and integrate cross-cultural issues and dilemmas. From national to cross-cultural perspectives Cross-cultural research has largely focused on national differences because it is much easier to establish a person’s nationality, than to identify him/her as belonging to another type of cultural grouping, be that regional, professional, political, economic or social.The most frequently cited reason is that a given individual will be a mem ber of numerous forms of socalled sub-cultures or higher level cultures (e. g. European), which in effect rules them out as unique independent variables. But I believe that without exercising some control for the effect of these ‘other’ cultural variables, it is difficult to be sure that attributing a given behaviour, belief, value or attitude expressed by an individual to national cultural influences is theoretically or empirically valid.For example, even at a national level, there has to be particular care to acknowledge the difference between ethnically diverse nations such as Canada or Malaysia; ethnically and/or religiously divided nations such as Belgium or the former Yugoslavia, or relatively homogeneous nations such as Japan or Korea, let alone very complex national cultures such as China or India. In essence, this does nothing more than acknowledge that socio-cultural anthropology is the study of the dilemmas and problems of differences and similarities not onl y between, but also within societies.In the specific context of this study, one of the most interesting aspects of the responses to the second section of the questionnaire on cultural dimensions was the differences in opinions both within and between coaches and business organisations. My original intention in including a section on cultural dimensions was to explore the relationship between these responses and those on the first section of the questionnaire. But the differences of opinions between the two sets of respondents on ‘universalism vs. particularism’ and ‘individualism vs. ommunitarianism’ (Fig. 6) suggested to me that I had to consider whether these opinions in some way reflected values that were influenced by the differing needs and requirements of the corporate and coaching environments. I cannot conclude whether this was the key influence International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring Vol. 5. No. 2 August, 2007 Page 50 on thes e responses. However I do think this emphasizes that it is tenuous to assume that the responses to such value dimensions questionnaires can be ascribed largely to national culture.I also believe that the way that corporate and professional culture influences our habits and values requires a great deal more in-depth research. For example, it might be interesting to establish whether there are differences in the responses to a cultural dimensions questionnaire between professional groups, e. g. doctors, police officers, computer programmers, sports professionals, etc. , and how these compare to national differences. However, it also has to be acknowledged that the difficulty of drawing any definite conclusions about key influences is clearly a limitation to the use of questionnaires in general.This does suggest it would have been preferable to be able to expand and explore the data that was generated by the questionnaires via follow-up interviews. But, as discussed in the methodology, this would have required a lot more time and resources than were available to me in this study. Nevertheless analyzing the results in relation to the problem of ignoring and playing down the importance of cultural differences also suggested that the questionnaire design needed refinement.Specifically, I was unable to deduce or make any assumptions about what level of importance each respondent attached to each of the dimensions. A system of ranking the various value dimensions is not a new concept or methodology, in that it is very similar to the two ‘basic bipolar’ dimensions of ‘openness to change vs. conservation’ and ‘selfenhancement vs. self transcendence’ that are incorporated as higher dimensions in the Schwartz Value Inventory (Fig. 4).But more importantly I think that more research into developing a system of ranking the value dimensions would not only help to identify those value dimensions, which may be ignored, downplayed or even n egatively evaluated, but also provide a potentially very useful tool for integrating the cross-cultural dimension into traditional coaching and mentoring practices. Conclusion From this specific perspective, a focus on quantifying how national cultures differ along the various value dimensions that have been identified does run some risk of contributing to the formation of cultural stereotypes, which have little or no predictive value.This is why greater emphasis needs to be placed on understanding our own ‘cultural baggage’ from a coaching perspective, particularly on the dynamic processes of the way in which our own culture has, and is evolving. The building blocks of improving cultural awareness and developing cross-cultural skills therefore have much in common with the key skills associated with building rapport as a coach or mentor. For the coach or business organisation, it is therefore about understanding the processes involved with the different ways in which we negotiate social interaction, and the elements of the various models of culture.These range from the apparently simple distinction between the visible and invisible level of values (Fig. 1) to the complexity of Schwartz’s ‘Theoretical model of relations among motivational value types and two basic bipolar value dimensions’ (Fig. 4). It is about raising our awareness of what is subconscious and invisible up to a conscious and visible level; and from there we can develop the skills necessary to negotiate ways of interacting with others whose values, attitudes and habits, or indeed in contexts are unfamiliar to us.I believe that if this is to be achieved, coaching and cross-cultural research needs to transcend the limitations of a focus on national culture. It needs to acknowledge that cultural identity should be viewed as being multi-faceted, and that people have a number of selves or identities depending on context and setting. The work of Schwartz, Hofstede and Trompenaars & Hampden-Turner has provided very valuable insight into the cultural dimensions, which help to identify the way in which values differ between national cultures.However, they would also be the first to acknowledge that International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring Vol. 5. No. 2 August, 2007 Page 51 national cultures are in a constant state of change, and this in turn dictates the need to evolve their questionnaires, re-analyze the accompanying databases of results, and amend and redefine their models accordingly. But perhaps the key aspect for further research is to develop methods that place a greater emphasis on the processes though which culture changes.In other words how human actions and practices change, and new meanings evolve in response to changes to social contexts. By this I mean for example: the impact of increased migration (whether voluntary, or in response to political or economic factors), or the proliferation of new forms of communicati on like the internet, not only on working environments, but on the myriad ways in which we organize our social lives. The point being that this should help to move research and practice from a focus on more abstract concepts such as values, to the ways in which culture is produced and negotiated.Consequently, as Rosinski (2003, p. xviii) said, ‘intercultural professionals will be better equipped to fulfil their commitment to extend people’s worldviews, bridge cultural gaps, and enable successful work across cultures’. References Clutterbuck, D. 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(2000), The Mentor’s Guide – Facilitating Effective Learning Relationships, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Zeus, P. & Skiffington, S. 2002), The Coaching at Work Toolkit – A Complete Guide to Techniques and Practices, Australia: McGraw-Hill Barbara StClaire-Ostwald is an international coach and freelance consultant who specialises in cross-cultural awareness and developing successful and effective communication skills for global managers and teams. Barbara grew up in the United Kingdom as a Polish/British dual national. Prior to setting up her coaching practice CINCRA, she lived and worked in the UK, Continental Europe and North Africa for over 30 years; working for multinationals in the private, public and not for profit sectors.Barbara is a member of the European Mentoring and Coaching Council (EMCC) and until recently, Chair of the EMCC European Conference Committee. She is also a member of the British Psychological Society, Chartered Institute of Personnel Development, British Sociological Association and the Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research (SIETAR). She is tri-lingual (Polish, English, French) and she is able to converse in Dutch, German, Czech and Slovak.